Whiplash injuries occur when the weight of the head is suddenly thrust forward, backward or sideways in a way that overextends the bones, muscles, nerves and ligaments of the neck. Most times these injuries leave no visible marks; however, the pain can become unbearable and may require medical assistance.
Hyperflexion
Hyperflexion occurs when the head is thrust forward and downward causing the anterior vertebrae to come down hard, crushing or fracturing the bone itself. Intervertebral discs may also suffer injury, causing discs to herniate or bulge and preventing spinal nerves from functioning properly.
Hyperextension
Hyperextension occurs when the head is forced backward at a fast and unexpected speed. Complications from hyperextension include: tear in the anterior longitudinal ligament; fractured spinous processes; compressed or torn intervertebral discs; stretched, pinched or torn vertebral arteries and damaged cervical nerves.
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